Mystery Genre Essay

In the first tv segment, Smith discusses the definition of a Mystery Genre by separating the different aspects of mystery into sub musical genres. There be the cozies, serial killer books, suspicion, and classic mysteries. Smith says thats cozies are mysteries unacquainted(p) of onstage violence and sex. For example, in a cozy the protagonist would be a cat or a British housekeeper and also the umbrage solver. In serial killer books, everyone dies in a very dreary and graphic way.Classic mysteries the reader asks the question of, what just happened? While incredulity thrillers the reader asks, what is going to happen next? Smith goes onto explain that suspense uses multiple points of view and that the protagonist and antagonist were on a meeting course from the start and the reader already knows it.In the second video segment, Smith talks about the five cistrons for a mystery genre and how each of them is used to make a good story. The first element mentioned is the inclusio n of postgraduate stakes Smith says that there is a misperception of high stakes and it doesnt have to be behavior or death. He says to make instances that people care about and whatever is important to that character the reader will care about it too. The next element is larger than life characters Smith says to, Amp it up.If you change different aspects of a characters life then the stakes will go up immensely. High innovation of character, conflict, and conclusion by having one line that describes the plot with character, conflict, and conclusion the thought will be good. Smith says having multiple points of view lets the reader to be emotionally involved with more than one character at a time and it also allows the writer to build suspense more effectively.The background needs to be exotic and interesting and exotic doesnt needfully mean a foreign country but it could be a place of business. Anywhere that will take the reader somewhere theyve neer been before.

Partisan election Essay

The enquiry of Lawrence Baum deals with the relationship betwixt the quantity of information that electors possess and their party choose behavior in follower election. The paper aims to discern whether there is each a strong or a weak relationship among voters and the knowledge on the candidates of parties involve in the election. The paper explored the relationship in non-partisan elections contested by candidates from opposing parties.Past studies regarding this relationship has produced mixed and mistake empirical results that motivated the pen to conduct his own depicted object to but explore and analyze the topic. (Baum, 1987) In political science, the structure and functions of regime in a society are greatly scrutinized and evaluated. This is not meant just to better(p) knowledge, but kinda to provide society with enough critical evaluations on how they should treat and consider politics in their life.The issue is crucial as it involves the practice of voting wh ich is considered as one of the freedom citizenry bread and butter in a democratic is entitled to. Thus, the study is relevant in cultivating the showing in political science which concerns the nature of politics in society and society itself. done the effort of the causation to bring hoy into the topic, he analyzed a survey done on devil contestants in the 1984 election for Ohio Supreme Court and compared it with the presidential election to a fault during that year.The findings of the study show that despite the highly partisan campaign, part defections by voters were far more common in Supreme Court races than in the presidential race. (Baum, 1987) This reflects the importance of party affiliations of the candidates as the voters arising of information about the candidates, which will definitely determine their choice during the elections. another(prenominal) not able finding of the paper is that different trains of voters information, at the individual level, has differ ing effect in 2 supreme court races for the Democratic and Republican voters.Through this finding, the former suggests that the impact of the information levels on the voters choice is a blame by the information contained in the candidates campaigns. (Baum, 1987) But the author failed to mention the correlational statistics between voters information about the parties involved in the elections and the result of the elections. What I noticed in the researched was that it also failed to show the full-strength relationship that undermines the effect of information on the voters choice, and whether the popularity of a particular party makes the difference in casting an individual vote.The author notes that the research findings should be critically evaluated and interpreted based on two respects first is that the individual level findings was based to what is believed to be that moderate good surrogates of voters information thus not implying a concrete viable measure of the info rmation itself, and the second world that the Ohio Supreme Court race is far different from the typical bipartisan races in the country. (Baum, 1987)The analysis of the research had totally contributed by attesting to the logic make by previous research, agreeing or disagreeing to some of the conclusions past research had do and was not able to discern the concrete findings to which we can understand better what the relationship of information on the parties to the candidates, and also in the outcome of the elections. The author admits that the study was not able to settle the issue, rather have suggested only the relationship that is based on a complex and highly qualified situation.With that, the research has contributed only a partial explanation and findings that what was expected from it. Although the study answered the research question directly, it failed to deliver the aspects which concerns to the findings. The paper evaluated the problem by analyzing the issues that s urrounds the partisan election during the 1984 Ohio Supreme Court elections. The author analyzed the individual level survey done by Ohio State University Department of Political Science.The call off interviews of 500 adults in Ohio were done through questions that relate voters information of the parties and their choices of the candidates. The research method through the survey was not able to reach the individual level of perspective of the interviewees, but as the author states, provided logical background on the perception of the voters. This in turn was be by the author as a means that moderately concerned the individual perspective and does not reflect the core of the relationship between information of the party and voters choice.The research only relied on second hand information provided by only one luminary institution. Given the exploration of the research aspect in political science, I deem that this method used by Baum was not enough and satisfactory to analyze th e said complexities of the relationship between party information and voters choice. But the author should be credited for his thorough raillery of the issues surrounding his research method. In this way, he was able to prove that the complexness of the subject must be dealt with an on-going process of research and analysis rather than claiming that he has the answer.As mentioned earlier, political science is a pursuit to understand the complexities of politics and its function in the society. It is an undergoing process to accumulate much and gain ground enrichment of knowledge based on the state of politics and our everyday living. It is literal after all, the author had concluded significantly that the relationship is there, although the complexities and challenges in firmness of purpose the issues are evident. The research was intended to explore the issue, not just give away the answer to the problem right away.The research was able to do this in effect and the author is humble and honest enough to relate all the things that should be rethought, re-evaluated and analyzed by the reader. One of the roles political science has is to inform and educate society of the complexities of politics, and how the function of politics in society will affect the way they live, think and behave. The research accomplished the goal of educating and exploring further the realm of politics which is known in the society.But further challenging the multiplication of political scientist, observant, and the society in general to further study the count and contribute to the increasing knowledge in the area of political science. To this, people are learned, cultured, and are equipped with the knowledge on how to view politics in society so they can make informed and refreshing choices. Reference Baum, L. (1987). Information and Party Voting in Semipartisan Judicial Elections. Poltical Behavior, 9(1), 62-74.

To find the best insulating material by measuring how quickly water cools

Theory My reason for choosing fictile and coco palm as the high hat insulator is beca subrou prate comp eachs do plastic when producing snubgs to contain lovingness. An vitrine of this is a kettle, which uses plastic to go the heat in so that it does not escape. Plastic is also employ on the handles of pots and pans, which deal with a standoff of heat when cooking. Coconut is also a expert insulator because when you burn up down a coconut from the palm tree on that point is a lot of liquid inside of it. This liquid is kept inside of with unwrap having the liquid evapora give noticeg. When you combine the two together you get the best of both. You atomic number 18 also trapping air in between the two materials. there argon also three ways heat can voyage these as conduction, convection and radiation.Conduction This is the process in which heat is transferred from subatomic particle to molecule by vibrating into severally other hence passing the energy. All material s forego energy to pass finished them by conduction. The particles of a gas are spread out making them unretentive conductors of energy because they are so spread out.Convection If a temperature difference arises within a liquid or a gas, then fluid motion will almost surely occur. This transfers heat from one part of the fluid to another.Radiation The process of infection waves or particles through space, or some medium or such waves or particles themselves. Waves and particles slang legion(predicate) characteristics in common usu all(prenominal)y, however, the radiation is predominantly in one form or the other.Vari competents In this investigation there are many variables. I will shake to do many things to ensure this is a fair investigation.1. I will change the irrigate each clock snip I complete a set of results and use the same source of urine.2. I will use the same strapper mug for all experiments.3. I will heat all pissing supply to 80C4. I will work in the same conditions each time.5. I will use the same amount of material each time6. I will use a palpebra of tin interbreed each time.7. The mug will have one layer of tin fumble around it.8. The mug will be kept external from anything that may speed up the time it carry offs to coolSafety precautions To keep the experiment safe I shall* Wear goggles at all times due to the danger of hot water* Wear a thickened overall, which can be removed if any hot water is spilled.* Wear gloves to protect hands from being burnt.Equipment1 mug1 kettle1 thermometer1 heat mat1 water source1 of each material (5 in total)1 tin plunder lidMethodIn the experiment, I am passage to test 5 different materials in order to discover which is the best at insulating heat. We are to test the materials by wrapping them around a mug, which I will fill with 200ml of hot water at 80c and take the temperature every sensitive for 10 minutes. This will enable me to test the temperature stemma clearly. I will repeat this sequence 3 times for each material to make sure it is fair and take a carry over of averages at the end. I will be using a thermometer to account book the temperature, which is accurate to O.5c. The thermometer will be placed through the tin foil lid.Preliminary Experiment This is the first of the series in which I used only the mug with a layer of tin foil around it. I used no lid so I could see the effects of convection and then decide on whether to use a lid in the real experiments using materials. In this we tried to use 300ml of water but found it to be impractical so will use only 200ml for the nett experiment. Trying to get water at any temperature higher than 80oc was a rush and mistakes can be made in a rush so we will use 80oc in the final experiment. We tried using a data logger with a heat probe and a thermometer.We discovered cooling was very quick in this way so we will use a lid in the final experiment. We found the data logger to be rather fallible so will use the thermometer in the real experiment.Analysis.Graphs and tables on state sheet.Conclusion The interpret shows a trend with all the materials I have tested in that they all show negative correlation. As time goes on (as temperatures are displayed on the graph for every minute), the temperature of the water decreases. The graph shows the steady decline of temperature with the continuance of time over the ten minute testing time.The worthlesser insulating materials have occupyer declines. The better insulating materials have less steep/ flatter declines. There is a range between the temperatures of the water afterwards the ten minute testing time of 4.5 oC between the best and hit insulating material.In the early stages of the graph, the points ( of temperatures vs. time ) are all fairly blotto together. With the further continuance of time, larger ranges of temperature occur on the graph as aspects such as conduction, convection and radiation play further part in the cooling process. It is these 3 factors which an insulating material must contend with to determine how good it is at insulating heat.Conduction is the most influential factor of this cooling investigation so the better insulating materials needed to be good at trapping air to insulate heat as air is a poor thermal conductor which explains why felt up and coconut on plastic were better insulators than cotton for example because coconut on plastic and felt are both thick materials and made of matted fibres so were able to trap air and insulate the heat well. In theory, the wool should have been best at reducing conduction as it is very thickand matted but it has square gaps between each strand ofwool where it has been sown together allowing heat to pass through.The poor insulating materials (Nylon and cotton) are very thin so unable to trap air hence being poor thermal insulating materials.The graph reflects the influence of conduction as the materials best at reducing it cooled slo west.Convection occurs through the sides of the mug but mainly through the communicate of the mug. To prevent this I have used a tin foil lid. This makes it fajr for all testedmaterials as they all have convection reduced evenly out of the top of the mugleaving the material to insulate the convection occurring through the sides.Radiation can be absorbed or reflected by muddy surfaces and dull rough surfaces absorb more heat. This is much like the properties of coconut on plastic which is why it was good at insulating radiation because its out plastic could absorb radiation and the dull and rough inside coconut could also absorb heat. This is another reason why it performed best.

Recommendation to Counter DoS Attack

barrack in an executive summary mea sure enoughs to counter this type of DoS Attack.The university net income was a victim of a DDoS attack. Whereby a cyber criminal first acquired administrator approaching. We suspect that the attacker gained access to the network from an internal computer, most presumable from a student PC in one of the labs. The attacker in all probability used keylogger software to discover administrator credentials.Once the attacker had the administrator access the systems he/she was able to create BOTs and push to legion(predicate) student PCs determined in various labs. The attacker then initiate a catch attack by activating the BOTs in order to form a BotNet (a.k.a. Zombie Network) with the goal of intentionally causing online services to become unserviceable to students (ICECC, 2009). It is important to note that a single BOT alone could not lease cause the registration server unavailable. It was the combined effect of using many BOTs at once that produced the attackers desired effect of overflowing the resources of the registration sack up server and rendering it unusable.Recommendation to Counter this type of DoS attackTo prevent or limit the impact of keyloggers Deploy a firewall to block known keylogger software. machinate facility not to open email from unknown users and not to slammer on links in emails from unknown users. Create a indemnity whereby users butt jointnot install forward-looking software to a machine without opening a ticket with the helpdesk or requesting administrator access (ICECC, 2009). The student computers should be preloaded with all required applications.Deploy a file monitoring program, such as Tripwire to detect and notify if any changes have occurred to files (ICECC, 2009). Passwords should always be encrypted and neer traverse the network in the clear. Harden Windows by making sure that the operating system are keep current with latest patches (ICECC, 2009). appreciation anti-virus, an ti-spyware programs up-to-date.Install firewall packages on all computers. Deploy an intrusion-detection (IDS) and intrusion-prevention systems (IPS). Segmenting off network with the use of routers or firewalls is another method (Schifreen, 2006). However, the routers or firewalls will have to be tack together to detect and block suspected BOT traffic (please see network draw for item with Blue Dotted Squares).ConclusionIt is important to note that there is no method that will secure a network totally from attack. However, we can prevent some of the most common attack vectors. Therefore shelter personnel must remain vigilant and seek to prevent the new level of attack (Schifreen, 2006).

Mitch Essay

Title The title of the science laboratory should be at the top of the lab report. Background Information and Research 1. Give a simple explanation, in your own words, of what paper chromatography is and what it is used for. 2. Give at to the lowest degree triplet real-world uses for paper chromatography used in the fields of chemistry and biology. 3. Be certain to include references for any research conducted for this section. Purpose In one or ii complete sentences, state the purpose of this laboratory investigation. Materials List all(a) of the materials used in this lab. ProcedureInclude a step-by-step function for what you did in the lab, written in your own words. Data and Observations * List your skipper predictions about the expected pigment components of severally candy color. * Create an nonionised and labeled data table that lists the color and distance traveled of each pigment separated from each original candy color or sign type. Remember to have two separate se ctions or tables for the two replys (salt water and intoxicant) used. * Also include any other observations that you made during the product line of the investigation.Discussion and Conclusion The first part of this section discusses the observations and results of the lab as well as any mistakes that may have been made (or what measures were taken to try to avoid mistakes) and what improvements, if any, you can hypothecate of for the procedure for the next condemnation the lab will be conducted. The discussion section of this lab should excessively include discussions on the following * A comparison of how each solution (salt water and alcohol) separated the pigments from each color of candy or ink type.Which solution worked better at separating each of the pigments (it may be antithetic for different candy modify or inks), and why do you think that is? * If you had allowed less time for the lab (stopping the separation process when the solution was middle(a) up the paper ), how do you think that would have affected your results? * What pigment colors traveled farther up the paper? What pigment traveled the least? Was it the same or different when those pigments appeared in other candy colors or inks? Was it the same or different when separated by alcohol instead of salt water?

Drug Test Benefits

Recent increases in the social function of illegal medicines and problems colligate to that use amaze raised a variety of public wellness and natural rubber concerns. These concerns work led m whatsoever to propose dose interrogatory as one of the best ways to combat the proliferation of medicate use. Although the localise is examen for drugs, it is worth noning that similar heralds for increase political campaigning has risen collect to the spread of HIV and the threat it poses to those exposed to it. Clearly, these public wellness and guard duty duty concerns conflict with screen claims of those being targeted for experiment.Nevertheless, many a(prenominal) view the public safety threat as serious enough to override completely any singular privacy pas epochs. Indeed, public opinion polls indicate that on that point is widespread support for a variety of test programs, even those that be random and mandatory. Although drug abuse should not be tolerated in th e work head, attention essential be taken to limit the extent to which drug exam jabs on people=s privacy. The idea is to use the technology c atomic number 18fully, with competent justification, and with enough safeguards and precautions to ensure that testing is done thoughtfully and responsibly.Both the government and private business argue that they have a signifi back endt interest in testing citizens and employees for a variety of reasons. First, they can fight the Adrug emailprotected by weeding out users and stopping drug use. Second, they can ensure safety by announceing conditions that pose a serious threat to co-workers or the public. Third, they test employees so they can maintain a fully responsive and sound workforce. Fourth, they can identify those who impart be unable to work in the future. Fifth, it forget uphold reduce the cost of employee health care plans.Finally, drug testing will help maintain public confidence in the integrity and trustworthiness of their operations. Many insurance agencies argue that testing is demand because it fundamentally causes the healthier employees to pay higher premiums to cover the costs of the coverage for those who are at greater risk levels. All of these arguments provide potent reasons to consider drug testing. In nigh industries, such as health care and transportation, even casual drug or alcohol use can result in not only increased costs, plainly also in lawsuits and loss of life.Even if the employee is not chemically capable, a spouse or family member using drugs or alcohol can mean missed work, extensive somebodyal phone calls and increased dependent medical benefits. autonomous court justice Antonin Scalia found drug testing to be an intrusion of privacy and a practice of A gratis(p) indignity. He states that if a blood test is used, it take ups puncturing the skin. If a urinalysis is utilized, the sample distri exclusivelyion must sometimes be gained under direct observation to guard against drug-free substitutions and falsification of results.He tones that at that place are more magnetic coreive methods of identifying drug users. For example, a daily observation of moods, behavior, and productivity, can detect drug use and be dealt with immediately. Many employees feel that implementing a drug testing program will prove to the lack of trust between the employer and employee. They feel that this will cause high turnover rates from year to year. It will also lower employee morale and effectiveness while on the job. These problems could be avoided by just utilizing the observance plan mention earlier.Opponents of drug testing also focuses on the limitations of the testing procedures, arguing that the tests are highly in immaculate. atomic number 53 worry is the sensitivity of the tests. Many types of tests procedure inaccurate, innocent parties will be harmed because some tests produce a large number of fictive substantiative results, indicating that there has been drug use when there has actually been none. Such false positive results can rise from the use of medications, passive inhalation of hemp smoke, or the technology employed for many drug tests.Drug testing opposers cite the human error of lab personnel that further implicates the truth of results The first two cases on drug testing to reach the Supreme Court were argued in 1988. From the decisions issued the following year, it is clear that the court held that urine tests are a significant intrusion into a fundamentally private domain. Since then, all(prenominal) court that has addressed the issue has found that urinalysis and blood tests intrude on privacy as a search and seizure veto under the fourth amendment.Courts have mainly focused on the privacy invasion involved, first, in the process of urination and the manner in which the pattern is obtained, and second, in the individuals interest and safeguarding the confidentiality of the information contained in th e sample. While drug tests competency also violate the fifth amendment protection of due process and constitutive(a) privacy interests, courts have taken the privacy claims of the fourth amendment to be the most forceful constitutional threat.Some surveys show employees strongly support drug testing because it promises greater safety and harmony at work. However, scores of civilised suits in the early and mid 1980s challenged the procedure as an invasion of privacy. The courts have upheld most testing programs, and fewer suits are now being filed. In a study conducted by the society for Human Resources focussing, human mental imagery professionals most consistently favored the use of drug and alcohol testing, soliciting woeful record checks, and monitoring visual display, terminal findstrokes and phone activity.While employers may deem these activities as essential to preserve body of work safety and productivity, many employees would argue that they violate their privacy, both on the job and at home. Employees may not be invaded by having to participate in drug tests with the urinalysis. engineering has advanced so that any deterrent in a workers carrying out while on the job due to drugs or alcohol will be monitored on computers. It is called performance or impairment testing by its creators, and is a game-like device that can test judgement and motor coordination with the ability to elude a cursor on a VDT screen.The benefits reveal the cause of an employee impairment. Performance tests would offer more privacy to the worker and encourage a less hostile environment People have objected in the main to random drug testing, which is mainly limited to government and private jobs that effect public safety, like those at nuclear power plants, airlines, railroads and trucking companies. more than than 90 percent of the testing is of job applicants. But most of these resembling companies also test after accidents and when suspicions are aroused th rough crotchety behavior.Fewer than 10 percent of the companies test randomly or at the time of annual physicals An employer has an extreme amount of influence on an individual to receive some type of treatment for their addiction. They are in the typeset to provide incentive for accepting treatment, as well as aroused support afterwards, because the job usually is of extreme importance to the addicted individual. The way should offer and accessible health insurance plan so that when the employee postulate to receive the treatment that they can good do so without having to involve several other peopleOnce the addict has received the postulate care, their job structure should be altered by forethought. They should be rigid in a less stressful atmosphere. Their amount of work decreases for a certain amount of time, and they should not be placed on a demanding quota schedule that could trigger an emotional swing back toward the addiction The key to this success is having a goo d prevention program in place to detect problems at an early stage in their development. If these problems can be detected early then outpatient treatment can be successful, says Maureen Whitmore of occupational Health Services in Larkspur, California.Once a company has invested their time and money in rehabilitation of the employee, there are steps that must be followed to keep the employee from returning to their addiction. First, a peer support collection should be provided where open discussion is encouraged in trying to header with a new life and the new found pressure of work. Second, management should help their employees reintegrate back into the workplace. They will be confused and easily persuaded by stress that might have led to the problem in the beginning.Third, the company should hold AA meetings on-site and provide a crisis number to call in case of an emergency. Fourth, supervisors should be educated to watch for returning signs that the person is under stress. Fi fth, management should involve family members and provide lifestyle education. Finally, stress bring down activities should be offered on-site, such as aerobics and fitness classes, and workshops on how to better interpersonal skills. I feel that employee drug testing in some manner is essential to the performance and effectiveness of an employee in a company.Management needs the assurance that every employee is doing their job without any type of impairment from an outside source. However, I also feel that urinalysis testing is an invasion of privacy. As an employer, I will not be concerned with what types of drugs the employee is taking, but he is impairing the performance of the company. As I mentioned earlier, technology has advanced in such a manner that there will be no need for urinalysis tests. Performance or impairment testing programs will test the employee=s judgement and motor coordination through the ability to manipulate a cursor on a VDT screen.This will provide the employer with accurate information on the abilities of the employee to perform their job. It also keeps the employees addiction private and not for their employers to know. I feel that the increased health insurance coverage and the increased ease of access for employees will help them seek treatment for their addiction. However, there will need to be severe disciplinary actions for those who continually test positive. Once an employee has received treatment, the follow-up plans must be persuaded by management.This should help the employee to receive the needed attention for their problem, and help the company continue to have an effective employee. Drug testing has many benefits and set backs for both employers and employees. sure types of drug testing are necessary in to days workplace for there to be an increased effectiveness of a company on their industry. However, employees still have privacy rights that cannot be infringed upon. A good and successful detection program and re habilitation program are essential to the natural selection of the employee in the workplace. Eventually, the drug addiction will impair their abilities for life.

Case Study on Pneumonia

Case Study Pneumonia and Pressure Ulcer streak in an old MICU Patient June 6, 2012 Case Study Pneumonia and Sepsis in an Elderly MICU Patient L. M. is a 75-year-old female who suffers from severe dementia and lives in a SNF. She was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2005 and as a result had a secure upper and spirit lobectomy. She too has a history of severe emphysema. L. M. has had several pneumonic infections and has an allergic reaction to Pneumovax. She has a recurrent breathing in jeopardy and received a tracheotomy and a PEG tube in January 2012. On Aril 25, 2012, L.M. was found to be increasingly fatigued, somnolent, and had shortness of breath accompanied with tachycardia as witnessed by the round at the SNF. When she arrived at the emergency department, she was tachycardic with a kernel rate in the 130-140s and tachypnic with a respiration rate in the 30-40s. L. M. , who normally depends on 2 liters of oxygen at home, desaturated to 88% requiring oxygen support increm ent to 4 liters. Her baseline systolic blood blackjack is 100-110 and it was measured in the low 90s in the ED. She also had an increased temperature of 38. degrees Celsius. As a result of L. M. s increase in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate accompanied with pneumonia, the emergency department treated her for sepsis. Labs drawn showed an increase in white blood cells and lactic acid, as well as an increase in PC02 and a cliff in PO2. She was aggressively resuscitate with IV bol theatrical roles as essential followed by main tennerance normal saline. She was also administered Vancomycin, Cefepime, Azithromycin, and Metronidazole. In addition, her chest x-ray illustrated a near complete opacification of the right lung field.She was diagnosed with sepsis secondary to pneumonia complicated by a right get lung collapse due to mucus plugging. I assumed manage of L. M. in the MICU ten days after her admission in the ED. She had been intubated and put on a mechanical vent ilator. She was put on coerce sensation support mode at a rate of 10, PEEP of 5, Fi02 of 40%, and her tidal spates averaged around 230. She had iii bronchoscopies, however, there was still evidence of mucous plugs and L. M. was un subject to clear lung secretions. respiratory therapy attempted to decrease the pressure support on the ventilator unless L.M. showed increased signs of respiratory distress. At the point that I took over upkeep for the uncomplaining, my goals were prevent aspiration and further counterpane of infection and improve ventilation system and perfusion. Interventions for my tolerant to prevent aspirations and decrease bump of further infection include suction contaminated secretions, raise the head of the bed, and use of Chlorexidine wash. Protocol for suctioning an intubated patient in the MICU is every 4 hours or more frequently if obligatory depending on the patient. L. M. ad a history of recurrent aspirations and was at risk for increased infect ion because she was on a ventilator. Closure of the glottis prevents aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions. When a patient is intubated with an endotracheal tube, the glottis remains open, leaving only the inflated manacle for protection against aspiration (Bennett, Bertrand, Penoyer, Sole & Talbert, 2011). Therefore, routine suctioning sustains to eliminate the pooling of secretions above the buffet of the endotracheal tube, where aspiration is most likely to occur.In addition, raising the head of the bed to 30-45 degrees decreases aspiration and the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. The single most cost-free intervention found to reduce the relative incidence of VAP is lift of the HOB (Stonecypher, 2010). Although my patient was already diagnosed with pneumonia, it was classic to prevent the spread of the infection to the healthy portion of her lungs or have a income tax return of sepsis. Chlorehexidine is an antiseptic that has been proven to inhibit dental plaqu e formation and gingivitis.I swabbed my patients mouth with Chlorhexidine once a shift as a protocol in her plan of care. The use of an antiseptic solution helps to decrease the amount of bacterium in the oral mucosa and thus prevents the village of bacteria in the respiratory tract (Institute for healthcare Improvement, 2012). Another important intervention was to maintain the head of the bed at 30-45 degrees and position L. M. s left lung into a dependent position to improve ventilation and perfusion. L. M. s O2 was decreased to 63 and her CO2 was increased to 50.According to the IHI, it is recommended to elevate the bed to 30- 45 degrees to improve ventilation. Patients that lay in the supine position have lower spontaneous tidal volumes on pressure support ventilation compared to those displace at more of an angle (Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 2012). In regards to positioning, when the least change portion of the lung is placed in a dependent position it receives pr eferential blood flow. This redistribution of blood flow helps match ventilation and perfusion, therefore, improving bollocks up exchange (Lough, Stacy & Urden, 2010).Implementing these interventions combined with respiratory therapy, significantly improved the blood float values for oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Pressure ulcers are key clinical indicators of the standard and effectiveness of care (Elliott, Fox & McKinley, 2008). L. M. was at high risk for pressure ulcers for multiple factors such as immobility, poor nutrition, age, and health. Therefore, I use the Braden Scale as a character reference indicator in lodge to assess the risk of pressure ulcers and also to initiate prevention.The Braden Scale assesses pressure sore risks by examining certain criteria sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and fiction and shear. Each kinsfolk is rated on a scale of 1-4, with the exception of the friction and shear socio-economic class that is rated on a scale of 1-3. There is a possible tot of 23. If a patient has a higher score, they are less subject to development of a pressure ulcer and vice versa. In the category of sensory perception, I rated L. M. at a 2 because she only responded to abominable stimuli but could not communicate discomfort with the exception of restlessness.I scored her at a 2 in the moisture criteria because she was often diaphoretic because of increased heart rate, increased respirations, and her linens had to be changed once a shift. In terms of activity, she was a 1 because she was confined to a bed both at the infirmary and at the SNF she lived in. L. M. was very limited in her mobility and would only make episodic slight changes in her body position therefore, I assessed her to be a 2. I rated her nutrition at a 2 because she weighed 84 pounds and was on tube feeding that seemed inadequate o meet her nutritional needs. In the last category, friction and shear, I gave her a 1 since she required utte rmost take to heartance in moving. She would frequently slide down in her infirmary bed and required frequent reposition. L. M. s cumulative score was a 10, which is considered a high risk for developing a pressure ulcer. Prevention of pressure ulcers is a fundamental aspect of intensive care nursing, and quality procession methods are arguably the most cost-effective and intuitive onrush to addressing this potentially serious problem (Elliott, Fox & McKinley, 2008). One of the interventions I implemented in order to prevent pressure ulcers in my patient was the use of support surfaces. The use of a pressure-redistributing mattress and pillow supports under bony prominences, assist in relieving pressure that the patients body weight has on the skin when lying in bed for a pro-longed amount of time. If the pressure is not alleviated it can lead to impaired circulation, damage to the skin, and in the end tconsequence death (Gill, Reddy & Ronchon, 2006).In order to further promote patient care, it is necessary to educate the patient, family, and/or caregivers. There are several different factors that could help to ensure a better quality of life for L. M. Consistent trach care and good oral hygiene can reduce the risk of bacteria entering the airways and causing recurrent respiratory infections. It is important for L. M. to maintain an elevation of the head of the bed to prevent aspiration and improve ventilation. Furthermore, frequent repositioning and the use of supportive devices is imperative to maintain skin integrity.It will also be crucial to monitor L. M. s vital signs to be able to recognize a recurrence of pneumonia or sepsis. References Bennett, M. , Bertrand, M. , Penoyer, D. A. , Sole, M. L. , & Talbert, S. (2011). Oropharyngeal secretion volume in intubated patients The importance of oral suctioning. American Hournal of Critical Care, 20(6), 141-145. Elliott, R. , Fox, V. , & McKinley, S. (2008). Quality improvement program to reduce the preval ence of pressure ulcers in an intesive care unit. American Journal of Critical Care, 17(4), 328-334.Retrieved from http//ajcc. aacnjournals. org/content/17/4/328. full Gill, S. S. , Reddy, M. , & Ronchon, P. A. (2006). Preventing pressure ulcers A systematic review. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 296(8), Retrieved from http//jama. jamanetwork. com/article. aspx? volume=296&issue=8&page=974 Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2012). Ihi ventilator bundle perfunctory oral care with chlorhexidine. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Retrieved from http//www. ihi. org/ intimacy/Pages/Changes/DailyOralCarewithChlorhexidine. spx Institute for Healthcare Improvement. (2012). Ihi ventilator bundle Elevation of the head of the bed. Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Retrieved from http//www. ihi. org/knowledge/Pages/Changes/ElevationoftheHeadoftheBed. aspx Lough, M. E. , Stacy, K. M. , & Urden, L. D. (2010). Critical care nursing. St. Louis, MO Mosby Elsevier. Ston ecypher, K. (2010). Ventilator-associated pneumonia The importance of oral care in intubated adults. Crtitical Care Nursing Quarterly, 33(4), 339-347.

The Dilemma of Cloning

Our era is considered to be the stop consonant of discoveries focusing mostly in the spheres of technical and medical examination research. Some scientists in time d are to call our century, as well as the end of the front one, the new scientific revolution. M any prominent scientists and researchers gave their lives in order to be heard, in order to keep to their words and defend their views on the impertinently discovered essence of many things our planet, Solar sy nucleotide and of course, the complexities of being a merciful being.More so, many scientists and experts have been intrigued by the mysterious nature of human beings and out of curiosity numerous studies have been conducted as an attempt to collapse and discover new fascinating things about human beings. Other experts would go beyond the norm to see the extent of the limitations of humans as upkeep beings.One of the most controversial and most anticipated researches on humans is clone which is the process of creating of a duplicate genetic copy of another. In an effort to supercharge studies about human cloning, scientists have ventured into animal cloning. at once that a cloned cat is a reality, pamper owners may wonder when they go out be able to duplicate their own kitty or doggie (Wood 1).Nowadays, peck are not scrutinized or criticized based on their scientific views because the present society is far more democratic and liberal compared to previous(prenominal) years. However, relatively recent events connected with the research of cloning have be that investigation in the cell domain may lead to the firm range of medical, ethical, religious and even political disputes. Present day medical science had made an extensive and significant undertaking that extended the boundaries of human knowledge but breaking the limitations can either enrich worldly concern with new useful knowledge or yield visible pernicious effects and destructive consequences.Stem cells themselves would not have caused such a thunderstorm of critique if not for the source of their extraction. The point is that scientists believe that stubble cells taken from living organisms have the highest trans castingational potential and can better overhaul as the precursors for the whole variety of cells in the living body of an animal.However, the real idea that these cells are extracted from living embryos, some great deal considers this a form of a murderous act. In fact, not all the people are aware of the real situation regarding embryonic cell research. It is not a secret that stem cells are taken from surplus embryos, which are more likely not going to be useful for particular purposes in the future.In the article Where on the Web Register to Clone Your dearie by Christina Wood, it stated that the cost of pet cloning is about $895 and up and after there is an annual fee of $100 per year. More so, people interested in cloning their pets have to pay a veterinary surgeon to collect the pets skin sample. Obviously, clones do not father cheap. The cost, when the technology is perfected, could start at nearly $20,000 (Wood 1). It is important to stress that any science or research should be primarily useful to humankind for the present time and in the succeeding years.Animal cloning and stem cell research should be developed only if it does not terms mankind and if it generates positive changes, or at least reduces all negative effects to a minimum. According to Wood, hundreds of people already store pet DNA with GSC disregarding the fact that there are many marooned cats and dogs in animal shelters that need to be adopted. This situation shows that people would alternatively pay thousands of dollars to replicate the genes of their pets (take note that pet when cloned will not be a carbon copy of the original pet which contradicts the definition of cloning) sort of of caring for real animals that are in need of love and care.Furthermore, people should not forget about ethical and moral aspects of pet cloning and possible dangers of this scientific endeavor. According to ethical principles cloning is not trustworthy in certain countries and is restricted by some government. Although some scientists may accept the risks in order to benefit and stand up for further rapid development of stem cell research, there is no reassure that casualties can be reduced to zero. Every science is worthy of care and further development of it should benefit the whole of mankind. Therefore, the first and foremost heading of cloning and stem cell research should be the promotion and speech of advantages to mankind where everyone can benefit from it.

14th Amendment

more than than often than non, most Americans look upon the constitution as the guiding luminance of our country. Recent events occurring in our provinceal election no doubt confirm that. in that location are umpteen important amendments to our Constitution regarding our rights as citizens and the missionary post of powers to branches and states. However, I believe that the fourteenth amendment is the most important to our constitution. When the fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868, it put a whole new spin on our Constitution, far surpassing the importance of any amendment before it or sense.There are several crucial unconditional rights that are granted to everyone in the preamble of the Constitution. They are the rights to life, liberty, and property. We are also guaranteed a fair and receivable process of the law as stated by the 5th amendment. This brings our nation more closer to total equality than ever. Even though there forget always be discrimination, this amendment willing allow us to be protected under the law, so that wherever we are in our country, we will be protected and have the same rules applied to us that will effect our constitutional rights.These unconditional rights, reaffirmed by the 14th amendment, are the spunk structure behind our Constitution. The 14th Amendment also helps promote strong centralize government. By limiting the states power, this amendment gives more power to the federal branch of government. This in turn strengthens the power of congress as well. Strengthening America with a better range in which it can affect its citizens is priceless to our country. By treating all the states equally, this amendment helps bring the states of this nation together.One of the great qualities about this amendment is that it grants many emancipations to the states and as the country as a whole. Without the 14th Amendment, none of us would be guaranteed the rights stated in the other Amendments. Section 1 of the 14th amendment states that No state shall make or enforce any law, which shall sign on the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States. This ensures that any and all citizens are free from unconstitutional state or local actions. It is hard to appreciate how life would be if the states could take away freedoms and fundamental rights as they wished.All of our rights stated in the Constitution would then become frivolous, because the states would then simply dictate or alter our so-called rights. The 14th Amendment recognizes and discusses the most important right amongst our heap in this country who has the right to be a citizen. Section 1 of the 14th Amendment grants all people born or naturalized in the United States citizenship. Although the Constitution states that all men are created equal, before this amendments passage, that white landowners were considered citizens.Many minorities and people without a land title were not protected under the Constitution. The United States places the values of equality and equal guard high on the social ladder. The ratification of the 14th Amendment guaranteed equal justification under the law of all citizens. Although some argue that the 1st Amendment is more pivotal in providing privileges, without the 14th Amendment, many of the residents of the United States would not be granted the benefits of the 1st Amendment. Based on the evidence presented, the 14th Amendment is, without a doubt, the most important amendment to our Constitution.Without this Amendment, all of the other amendments would most likely be corrupted by the states we live in. The 14th Amendment is a symbol of freedom that America has given us as citizens. It was given to us not only help protect ourselves, but also to help word form and bring together all of our Constitutional rights, and without this amendment, those freedoms as we know like a shot might not have existed. That is why I believe that the 14th amendment is the most importan t and vital amendment to our great Constitution.

Final Reflection Paper

Some pointers on the final expression paper Your final paper, the reflection paper, is a kind of a down paper to the short statement that you handed in at the bloodline of the course. To that extent, you base write the paper holding on to the same types of headers that suggested for that outset short statement. To repeat, these questions were the following 1 . What do you think of when you think of ethical motive or holiness? 2. screw you define the concept of ethics? 3. Does beingness ethical mean being happy? 4.What does being moral represent of according to you? Doing the right thing? Living a fulfilling life? 5. Can unrivaled learn to be ethical? Or, what are the sources of ethics? 6. Can you carry an example of an ethical person / a moral action? And if yes, wherefore do you consider this person/action to be a good one? However, I am not asking you at this point to exactly solving these questions. What I am most interested in is a reflection on your part on what you thought of ethics/morality at the beginning of our class and how you think of it now.Do you surrender new answer to the above questions? Or, discombobulate new questions come to mind? Are the doubts you had in the lead answered? Or are there nagging questions left? (Why morality? What can I take from the theories we studied? ). The paper thus does not have to be your final reflection on all things moral. It has to be a reflection on where you stand today with regards to where you stood at the start of class. Concretely, in terms of how the paper will be judged. A) You need to provide an informed account of your position concerning morality.Informed means that you discuss relevant bits and pieces of the main theories and arguments we have discussed throughout our class- meetings and how they got you thinking about morality as well as how they changed your mind or left you with nagging questions. B) You need to provide well-argued claims. In other words, if you make a claim or posit a question want you to tell the makeer wherefore your claim or question is interesting and important Are you convinced that there is no much(prenominal) thing as morality? Well, tell me why.And let me know why that is a convincing and orient position to take This should help you on your way. + The paper will have to be 3-4 pages long (1 h line-spacing, typesetters case 12). + For advice on how to write, turn once again to the file on philosophical writing I uploaded under Course Materials. + The paper counts for 20% to your final grade. Take the assignment seriously and challenge yourself to think for a second gear about what you actually learned from those last few months spent denotation and discussing ethics. Good luck and I am looking forward to read your reflections

Search Engines

Rosetta Craft-J unmatchables English Coma I Rough Draft My song Is Love on crown by beyond. Beyond wrote tell apart on precede because she wanted to state how Jay Z makes her incur through the years on a daily nates through song. Through out(p) the years Beyond has had diverse songs dedicated to different people but this is a first to the unrivalled she extols. Which is good social occasion because Beyond and Jay Z are genuinely confidential when It comes to there relationship. Which Im freeing to give you briefing which led up to the song Love On Top. Narrative) She had success in the past year of 2011, Beyond won a Grammar for Love On Top for best spring in a video. Also during the performance at the pictorial matter Music Awards, while perform Love On Top she announced to Jay Z and the world she was signifi adviset (which was so spontaneous). Shes also happy about how there able to remain the tabloids out of there life and they keep things to them selves. Which ha s been that way since there courtship began in 2002. Beyond was so head over heels with Jay Z she move from Houston to NY. Example) When Jay Z and Beyond met It was for a song collaboration for the song 02 h unrivalednessst and Clyde. There where speculations then but it wasnt confirmed until he song collaboration Crazy In Love came out that they where announced as a official couple.The couple went on to do other collaborations such as Thats how you like It and upgrade you. The couple came together In song to express there feelings for each other, But lamb on Top was Bounces facts of life solo song to Jazzy. They are truly a power mark up couple. Description) By Beyond announcing the pregnancy of there baby on the Video Music Awards while performing Love On Top todays was a heartfelt moment. Due to Beyond miscarrying the couples first child adept twain years prior. in spite of the rumors baby girl Blue Vive came in this cosmea in January 2012. Jay Z has constantly made beyond happy you can tell by how she enhanced his career to ownership for his own disc label, basketball team, etc. Beyond concretely did an Upgrade on Sean Carter A. K. A. Jay Z. Despite how her father Mathew Knowles felt about Jay Z , Bounces feelings didnt change towards Jay Z.Jay Z was what Beyond was looking for, The bad boy business type. The couple had a very intimate and private seven year courtship. That led to a private marriage on April 4, 2008. Throughout the years trials, rumors, and success Beyond and Jay Z remained together and that is why her make do is on top. Love On Top Honey, honey I can take up the stars all the way from here, Cant you see the glow on the window pane? I can feel the sun whenever youre near Every time you touch me I Just melt anyhow everybody asks me why Im smiling out from ear to ear. They prescribe whop hurts)But I know (Its goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but its charge it after fighting through my fears, And finally you r egurgitate me firstborn its you. , Youre the one I adore. Youre the one I need. Youre the precisely one I see. practice on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I can unendingly call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. Oho Come on Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000 Come on baby.You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. My love on top. Come on Baby I can feel the wind whipping past my face. As we dance the night away. Boy your lips taste like a night of champagne. As I kiss you again, and again, and again and again. Now everybody asks me why Im smiling out from ear to ear. (They say love hurts)But I know (Its goanna take the real work) Nothings perfect, but its worth it after fighting wrought my fears. And finally you put me first. Baby its you. Youre the one I love. Youre the one I need.Youre the exclusively one I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I can always call. When I need you make everything stop. Finally you put my love on top. 000 Baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. You put my love on top. Oho 000 Come on baby. You put my love on top, top, top, top, top. My love on top. Baby its you. Youre the one I love. Youre the one I need. Youre the unless thing I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one that always calls.When I need you baby everything stops. Finally you put my love on top. Baby. Youre the one I love. Baby youre all I need. Youre the only one I see. Come on baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one I always call. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on topiary. Cue Youre the one that I love. Baby, youre the one that I need. Youre the only thing I see. Baby baby its you. Youre the one that gives your all. Youre the one that always calls. When I need you everything stops. Finally you put my love on top

Low cost strategy

As resiny Blue manages growth, the airline must also standardize many some other things it does to avoid starting from scratch every time. For example, JetBlue has developed a checklist of what has to hap whenever it enters a new market. Everyone involved has access to the list on the bodied intranet. Each department sees what has been done, what remains to be done, deadlines, problems. Currently, the checklist makes launches that occur months apart more(prenominal) predictable. But before too long, itll make simultaneous launches, unthinkable early on on, manageable.JetBlue adoptive a strategy for effective cost control by identifying and eliminating all unnecessary expenses and concentrating on providing high quality services to its passengers. Towards this end, it adopted a number of innovative measures on the planes such as not serving food, point-to-point flights, and quick turnarounds. It also made effective use of publicizing to position itself as a fun airline. JetBlue s innovative operational lay divine serviceed it succeed at a time when the major players of the airline attention were crumbling.These activities and efforts are noteworthy and also improve efficiency, which will be tiny in the years ahead as JetBlue tries to offset rising be for aging planes and more-senior employees. And low costs remain an obsession. JetBlues reservation agents, for example, work from legal residence rather than in an expensive call center. At the same time, Neeleman is tone to widen profit margins again. A new 100-seat regional jet pop off being added next year will tap relatively oppose and so more profitable markets.One of the latest tools designed to help JetBlue as it grows is an operational recovery system. During any disruption weather that curtilage some flights, for example it allows planners to select various goals before rerouting planes. No canceled flights or delays beyond three hours? The software produces a solution and calculates it s cost. It factors in severally planes maintenance and fuel needs, and the flight crews experience and availability within FAA rules. With the incumbent fleet of 57 planes, the program is a perk. Down the road, with 100 or more planes, it will be indispensable.(for more details, see the http//www.fastcompany.com/magazine authorised site)

Acute Hepatitis B

Acute Hepatitis B GNUR543 St. John Fisher College Mr. Wilson is a 47 ex dispose of study old man being evaluated for complaints of fatigue, anorexia and abdominal distention. On examination, it is noted that the contend is jaundiced and the coloured enlarged. D. W. denies signifi toilettet alcohol or drug use. He denies any known exposure to hepatitis and has never been vaccinated for hepatitis. He is victorious no medication. Laboratory tests reveal the following and a diagnosis of vivid hepatitis B is made 1. Review and analyze the research laboratory data. What diagnosis is support by these values? Give your rationale. Mr.Wilsons lab trim is reviewed to a lower place * AST142 IU/L * AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme and declension sample results can detect if in that respect is colored footing. AST is found in the heart and colorful with much lower levels in muscles and kidneys. In a healthy person the AST is between 10-40 IU/L. If the coloured-colored is harmd, AST is released into the prodigal stream (Hepatitis B, 2011). * raising120 IU/L * ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), if kick upstairs can too be an indication of coloured damage. ALT is an enzyme that is commonly in the coloured-colored and kidneys. If the case-by-case is healthy, the ALT is low, between 7-56 IU/L.overhead railway ALT is an early indicator of liver damage usually elevating prior to a persevering become jaundice (Hepatitis B, 2011). * GGT 42 IU/L * GGT (Gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme that is found in the liver but may as well be in the spleen, kidneys and pancreas. As with AST/ALT, GGT is elevated when there is liver damage. The general test range is 0 51 IU/L. GGT leave behind be elevated when there is subtile damage to the liver (or bile ducts) (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Alk Phos 84 IU/L * Alk Phos (Alkaline Phosphatase or ALP) is an enzyme found in the liver, tog out, kidney and GI tract. traffic pattern range for this stock test is 44 147 IU/L.Alk Phos, if elevated broadly speaking indicates that there is a cube in the bile ducts. Also, if it is found to be high this federal agency the unhurried can either have kidney unsoundness or bone complaint. To differentiate, a GGT test is in any case interpreted. If that result is high as well, a liver disease is present if the GGT is within normal limits so the persevering has bone disease (Hepatitis B, 2011). * Total Bilirubin1. 0 mg/dl * Total haematoidin is the product of damaged or broken down red production line cells in the body. The bilirubin is processed through the liver and the normal levels in the body be 0. 3 1. 9 mg/dL.If this level is increased, it means that the liver is not processing the bilirubin due to liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). * Albumin4. 3 g/dl * Albumin (ALB) measures the level of albumin in the longanimouss plasma. Albumin is a protein that is made in the liver and is sensitive to any changes in liver function. Albumin m ainly ensures that the cells in the body dont leak, keep the tissues nourished and transports vitamins, calcium, hormones through the body. The normal range for Albumin is 3. 4 5. 4 g/dL. Albumin go out-of-door be lower than normal in the case of malnutrition or liver disease (Hepatitis, 2011). HBsAgpositive * Anti-HBSnegative * Anti-HCVnegative * HIVnegative Test Name Mr. Wilsons Result Normal Ranges AST 142 IU/L 10-40 IU/L Elevated ALT 120 IU/L 7-56 IU/L Elevated GGT 42 IU/L 0 51 IU/L Normal Alk Phos 84 IU/L 44 147 IU/L Normal Total Bilirubin 1. 0 mg/dl 0. 3 1. 9 mg/dL Normal Albumin 4. 3 g/dl 3. 4 5. 4 g/dL Normal Mr. Wilsons labs indicate that he has degenerative Hepatitis B. This is chronic because the indicators for subtle liver damage ar within normal limits. For example, if the patient were having an smashing onset of Hepatitis B his Albumin would be low.Albumin is made in the liver and is very sensitive to any changes in the liver. If there was corking damage to the liver the Albumin value would not be in normal range. Also, Mr. Wilsons bilirubin would be higher if he was having acute hepatitis B. For the skin to be noticeably jaundiced the bilirubin level would usually be 2. 0 mg/dL (Hepatitis, 2011). The patients GGT would be elevated also if he was experiencing an acute episode of hepatitis B. Additional tests that might be accommodating to making an accurate diagnosis would be IgG-anti-HBc and IgM-anti-HBc.These tests show if the hepatitis is acute or chronic. The IgG-anti-HBc is positive if the patient is chronically polluteed. The IgM-anti-HBc would show positive if the patient is aggressively infected with hepatitis B. The HBs-Ag exit be positive in both acute and chronic cases. See the table below for an overview of the assessment and tests that be generally given when a new Hepatitis B diagnosis is reached. (Lok A. S. , 2011) 2. Explain the hepatocellular changes that top with the above diagnosis. The liver has numerous roles in the body that associate it with many systems.For example, it acts as a digestive organ by secreting bile for the partitioning of fat (Copstead, 2010). The liver also removes bilirubin from the fund, temporarily stores blood and synthesizes the blood coagulate factors (Copstead, 2010). Other functions of the liver are removing toxins from the blood, metabolizing both sex hormones and steroid hormones. Any damage to the liver can in turn disrupt any of these processes and functions that it performs. Some of the processes and functions can be changed in the following ways * Liver inflammation Inflammation in chronic hepatitis is associated with scarring.Severe inflammation can bridge together portal tracts within the liver, this is called bridging necrosis (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). It can also bridge to central veins, confluent necrosis (Mani & Kleiner, 2009). This leads to scarring, the creation of fibrous strands and in many cases will lead to fibrosis. Throughout the li ver cells are becoming damaged therefore blocking and limiting the livers functionality. Hormone secretion, chemicals and toxins in the blood, clotting factors and other defense fighting macrophages are interrupted (Copstead, 2010).Along with the inflammation, the patient will feel fatigued and will have a lowered immunity. * Ascites and marginal edema Abdominal distention, ascites, is a result of the damaged cells within the liver and to a greater extent specifically the membrane of the cell has been damaged. There is an intra-abdominal buildup of sodium, water and protein. The cells in the liver are unable to maintain the appropriate osmotic slope across the pleura (Copstead, 2010). This extra fluid is likely to accumulate in the pendent areas of a persons body, such as ankles, legs, and arms (Kukka, 2010). acrimony Red blood cells have a short life authorise and as they die and/or are damaged the body will break them down and dispose of them. This is referred to as bilirubi n metabolism and this happens in three phases pre, intra and posthepatic. (Copstead, 2010). The red blood cells should be broken down, delivered to the liver and then transported through the biliary system and thus be wasted via the kidneys or the colon. With damaged liver cells, the bilirubin is not excreted from the liver and there is a buildup of the conjugated bilirubin and the result is jaundice (Copstead, 2010).Other changes due to the liver damage are portal hypertension, gastric and esophageal varacies, vitamin mal-absorption, poor blood clotting and altered mental status (Copstead, 2010). The liver has such removed reaching effect on so many organs and systems in the body that any damage to the liver will result in decreased functioning of other systems. Immediate tests to determine the cause and extend of the damage would be imperative to managing the disease going forward. 3. How should the disease be managed and monitored? Explain your rationale.If pharmacotherapeutics are employ, explain your rationale and their mechanism of action. First go would be to order additional labs including, IgM-anti-HBc, IgG-anti-HBc, HBeAg, HBV deoxyribonucleic acid, CBC with PT and electrolytes. In cases of acute hepatitis B, symptoms sometimes go unnoticed. The computer virus will normally go away on its own and if treatment is given, it is for the symptoms and most adults recover fully (Hepatitis B, 2011). save in the case of chronic HBV, the patient will need to be monitored to see if the virus is replicating (Lok A. S. , 2011). In patients with chronic HBV, the treatment oals are to trim the long term effects of liver damage, prevent the transmission of the virus to others and manage any complications along the way (Lok A. S. , 2011). A clear diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B is needed. Results of blood work will determine the course of treatment. In Mr. Wilsons case, with only the first lab results, it appears that he is in the active chronic infection stag e. At this take aim the liver damage is still minimal. Because there does not seem to be significant liver damage a liver biopsy would not be indicated at this point (Lok A. S. , 2011).As the practitioner, I would recommend more blood tests, as noted above, and current monitor of the virus every few months. This will help in determining the activity of the virus. The medications use to treat chronic hepatitis B tend to have serious side effects. The patient essential be will to make a commitment to continue the therapy and adhere to close monitoring during any drug treatments (Hepatitis B, 2011). Supportive medicines are important to assist in treating side effects of the virus. For example, diuretics are prescribed if edema is not resolution on its own.Vitamins and minerals are indicated if labs show deficiency due to decreased liver function. If it is determined that Mr. Wilsons virus is active (meaning he is able to infect others) there are new drugs available to choose from. Antiviral treatments accept (Hepatitis, 2011) 1. Entecavir a. A oral contraceptive taken once a day for up to a year b. Used when DNA viral cells are actively replicating 2. Interferon Alpha c. Injection a few times per week for up to a year d. Used when patient has compensated liver disease 3. Pegylated Interferon e. Injection once per week for up to a year f.Used when patient had compensated liver disease and evidence of viral replication and liver inflammation 4. Lamivudine g. A yellow journalism taken once a day for a year or more h. Used when patient has active liver inflammation and active viral replicating 5. Adefovir Dipivoxil i. A pill taken once a day for a year or more j. Used in patients with chronic HBV 6. Telbivudine k. A pill taken once a day for a year or more l. Used in patients with active viral replication, persistent elevations in ALT or AST or histologically active disease 7. Tenofovir m. A pill taken once a day for a year or more n. Used in patients with chronic HBVThe medicines listed above are used alone or more likely in conjunction with others. These are currently the only hepatitis B drugs that are approved by the FDA (Lok & McMahon, 2009). fit in to the American tie-in for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Practice Guidelines, the ultimate tendency of therapy is to suppress the replication of the virus and put the liver disease into remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). This is monitored by delaying the patients ALT, AST and other liver, viral and blood tests. The viral tests are imperative to determine the proper adjustments in medications.For example, interferon has been shown to reduce the viral replication and inducing liver disease remission (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Also, a newer drug, tenovir has shown significant forebode in reducing viral levels in patients as compared to adefovir (Lok & McMahon, 2009). Practitioners need to watch for resistance as well when using the anti-viral drugs. As noted, the drugs are used in combination as well and these have shown to be more effective than when they are used alone. The effects of combined usage are better antiviral effects and delayed resistance (Lok & McMahon, 2009).Mr. Wilsons ALT, HBeAg lab values and his HBV DNA will be a main classical to the type of therapy he will receive. A liver biopsy will be indicated later on if hisHBsAg is positive for more than six months, his serum HBV DNA is greater than 20,000 IU/mL and he has persistent or intermittent elevations in his ALT/AST levels (Kukka, 2010). Summary Hepatitis B can be chronic or acute. When a person has acute hepatitis B they generally dont even notice and never need treatment. If treatment is needed it is adjunct treatment for the symptoms of the acute virus infection.Chronic hepatitis B patients are at endangerment for cirrhosis and HCC (hepatic cellular carcinoma) (Kukka, 2010). Patients that have chronic HBV need to be amend on the risk of infecting others and will, in some cases, need to alter their life style to protect others from getting the virus. Treatment is dependent on the blood work up that is obtained. It is very important that a patient that goes on antiviral treatment remain on it to reduce drug resistant strains. Also, patients must be evaluated and treated for the side effects of the anti-virals as well as the symptoms of other affected organs and systems in the body.References Copstead, L. -E. C. (2010). Pathophysiology. St. Louis Saunders. Hepatitis. (2011, July 6). Retrieved swear out 26, 2012, from Lab Tests Online http//labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, July 6). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from Lab Tests Online http//labtestsonline. org Hepatitis B. (2011, September 1). Retrieved March 24, 2012, from Mayo Clinic http//www. mayoclinic. com/health Kukka, C. M. (2010). Hepatitis B concomitant Sheet. HCSP Publications. Lexicomp. (2012). Retrieved February 5, 2012, from Lexicomp https//online-lexi. com Liver Blood Tests. (2012, March 28).Ret rieved March 30, 2012, from e Medicine health http//www. emedicinehealth. com/ Lok, A. S. (2011, February 16). Overview of the management of hepatitis B. Retrieved March 24, 2012, from UpToDate http//www. uptodate. com Lok, A. S. , & McMahon, B. J. (2009). Chronic Hepatitis B Update 2009. Alexandria American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Mani, H. , & Kleiner, D. E. (2009, May 1). Liver Biopsy Findings in Chronic Hepatitis B. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from University of Pennsylvania, discussion section of Medicine http//webdev. med. upenn. edu

Maalouf – Leo Africanus

Amin Maaloufs novel social lion Afri nookyus, a fictionalized narrative by an actual sixteenth-century Islamic adventurer, is an often-interesting account of breeding during the turbulent cease of the Middle Ages, t ven durationble from the point of view of a man who survived his action storys ample turmoil and bridged conflicting cultures without wholly belonging to any.The narrator of this work, a traveler and motive kn ingest in his conducttime as Jean-king of beastsn de Medici or social lion Africanus, was born in 1488 as Hasan al-Wazzan, accomplish-and-take of a self-aggrandizing Muslim family in Granada, Spain. At the time, southern Spains Andalusia region (of which Granada was its headland urban center) was Muslim-dominated, with Catholics, Muslims, and Jews alike coexisting in a cosmopolitan, relatively tol whilent atmosp here(predicate). Maalouf depicts Granada as an intriguing, exotic, tolerant place for its time, contempt its corrupt rulers and ultimate wea kness earlier the invading armies of Aragon and Castile.Shortly after his birth, Spanish forces conquered Granada and soon started persecuting all non-Christians, forcing them to switch to Catholicism or flee, depriving them of their wealth in both case. though European history depicts Spains liberation from Muslim rule as a glorious until nowt, it was a tragic blow for the Muslims who had lived there for centuries and built a prosperous, collared society. As his uncle Khali, a wealthy diplomat, laments, See how the masses . . . maintain been forced into slavery after their surr balanceer See how the chase has increase pyres for the Jews . . . and for the Muslims as tumefy How can we stop this, except by resistance, mobilization, and jehad? (Maalouf, 1988, p. 25) Though the word jihad today carries ominous meanings for Hesperianers, in this scope it meant self-defense in the shell of an intolerant enemy.The Spanish appear in a distinctly negative light, as bloodthirsty , vindictive conquerors who used the Inquisition to crush their enemies, real or perceived. Maalouf offers in interesting inversion of westwardern opinion here, and he shows post-1492 Granada as a dark, dangerous place whose talented manner sentence is crushed. Also, while advance(a) readers think of Jews and Muslims as mortal enemies, Maalouf demonstrates that they enjoyed undisturbed relations in medieval Andalusia, and Leo laments the Spanish edict mandating the nut termination of all relations between Christians and Jews, which can however be accomplished by the expulsion of all the Jews from our kingdom (Maalouf, 1988, p. 59).His uncle Khali assumes a overriding role in Leos life sentence, helping educate him and, more of importly, taking him along on his 1504 diplomatic mission to Timbuktu, then an important Muslim cultural and commercial center in sub-Saharan West Africa. Even as a teenager, he demonstrates keen insights to the world most him, particularly to the appearances, peoples, and attri exclusivelyes of the cities he visits en route. For example, he accounts Ain al-Asnam, an ancient city destroyed during Islams spread, as sole witness of the age of ignorance (Maalouf, 1988, p. 155), implying that despite its former glories, it symbolizes the dark era before Islam spread its enlightened message.In addition, he reveals a gift for vivid descriptive prose when he says of Sijilmassa, a once-thriving city on the road to Timbuktu Of its walls, once so high, plainly a few sections remain, half-ruined, and covered with grass and moss. Of its population, there remain wholly unlike hostile clans . . . who seem merci slight toward each other and deserve their designate (Maalouf, 1988, p. 157). Though he is not intolerant of peoples different from himself, he also does not shy from passing judgments on unfortunate places, though his own life is full of mis incidents he accepts pots fickle nature, which maybe sustains him through his diff iculties.His uncle dies en route back to Fez and Leo returns kinsperson to work in a hospice and marry his cousin Fatima, who is far less(prenominal) pleasing than Hiba, the slave girl who becomes his longtime mistress (similar to Warda, the servant whom his grow chose over his wife, Leos mother). He also tries to save his baby Mariam from the leper colony, where an influential suitor, a highway accostber named the Zarwali, had had her banished for refusing to marry him.One sees by this point that women bind a difficult position in Muslim society denied some(prenominal) rights, they live tightly circumscribed lives and are open to male commands and whims at all quantify. Maalouf does not impose modern sensibilities here he remains within the character of the times and accepts this lack of immunity as Muslims of the time did, and Leo laments his sisters muckle less because she lacks liberty than because her punishment was unduly cruel.As he enters adulthood, his life contin ues a pattern of good fortune followed by personal or pecuniary disasters from which he always recovers and rebuilds. Leo becomes a successful merchant in Fez and fathers a daughter with Fatima, solely when his longtime friend Harun (who has matrimonial his unfortunate sister Mariam to liberate her from the leper colony) causes the Zarwalis death, Leo is expelled from Fez for his complicity and loses his fortune on the road to a band of thieves. He finds round backing in Hibas native village, where her former peers buy her back from Leo, restoring close to of his wealth but costing him the love of his life.He accepts these reversals surprisingly swell up by modern standards, but Maalouf implies that the late medieval/early modern world was a cruel and fickle place, with few authoritativeties in life other than misfortune. A common theme passim the book is that such(prenominal) events are simply Gods willing when he loses two his fortune and Hiba, Leo laments, much(prenomi nal) is the judgment of the Most High (Maalouf, 1988, p. 214). His assent does not waver passim the story, even when Christians abduct, enslave, and force him to become a Catholic.Leos requirement seems to be the roads he travels throughout his adult life his form of geography and travelogue seem to be his calling in life, and he demonstrates a keen grasp of how to describe people and places. His travels take him throughout northern, western, and central Africa, and he states without obvious boasting, When our geographers of old spoke of the land of the Blacks, they only menti iodined Ghana and the oases of the Libyan desert. . . . I myself, who am only the last of the travellers, know the names of sixty pitch blackness kingdoms . . . from the Niger to the Nile (Maalouf, 1988, p. 216). Such knowledge would later(prenominal) serve him well.He becomes involved with the eras political intrigues when he meets and marries Nur, the widow of the Ottoman rulers nephew. patch Leo ache s the Turks in the vain confide that they will liberate Andalusia from the Spanish and make it safe for Muslims again, Nur opposes it and fears that Turkish agents will murder her infant son to prevent him from assuming the throne. Reflecting on the discord within his own faith, Leo asks, Is it not in the blade of a knife brandished by the coadjutor of God above a pyre that the revealed religions meet? (Maalouf, 1988, p. 245) He longs for the valuation account and unity of his youth in Granada, hence his somewhat nave support for the Ottoman Empire, of which he says, the turbans of the Turks and the skull caps of the Christians and Jews mingle without hatred or resentment (Maalouf, 1988, p. 258).His destiny as a geographer and scholar is realized when Sicilian pirates kidnap him in Tunisia and present him to Pope Leo X as a slave. As with the rest of his life, this misfortune leads to another lucky phase, as the pontiff, impressed with Leos intellect, employs him as a protg. Forc ing him to become a Christian and renaming him John-Leo de Medici (for the pope and the family that takes an interest in him), the pope employs him as a teacher of Arabic while tutoring him in European languages, so that he can produce a volume of his travels, Description of Africa. He earns his freedom but becomes embroiled in papal intrigues, so he must flee yet again this time for Tunisia, where he can again be a Muslim. In closing, he advises the reader to be himself in the face of adversity, saying, Muslim, Jew or Christian, they must take you as you are, or lose you (Maalouf, 1988, p. 360). Though he has kept his Muslim faith inwardly intact, Leos ability to adapt has ironically saved and sustained him.The book illustrates the unbelief of life in the pre-modern era, since peaks and valleys of instability mark Leos life from the beginning. His family loses its fortune and is driven from Granada by conquering Spanish Christians, who then unveiling a wave of intolerance again st Jews and Muslims, forcing them to either become Catholic or leave. In addition, he loses his fortune to thieves, his wife Fatima dies young, he remarries Nur (who leaves him after his abduction), and he is enslaved by Christian pirates in the Mediterranean.He handles it philosophically, accepting the fact that his life is destined to be itinerant, turbulent, and beyond his ability to control. As he tells Nur, amidst the Andalus which I left and the Paradise which is promised to me life is only a crossing. I go nowhere, I desire nothing I cling to nothing, I attain faith in my passion for aliveness . . . as well as in Providence (Maalouf, 1988, p. 261).Overall, Leo Africanus is a solid labor to take the modern reader into the mind of an educated, influential Muslim living at an unstable time in European history. Maalouf does not flash modern sensibilities into his narrative but depicts the Muslim culture of the times fairly, without a pro-Western bias. In addition, he strive s for authenticity by using a divide of formal, occasionally wordy prose that one assumes is based on the actual opus and conversational style of Leo Africanus times. In the process of producing this interesting historical figures tale, Maalouf also makes clear one of the chief realities of this era in history that life is timid and fickle, and that the intelligent, resourceful, and adaptable are top hat suited to endure these shifts of fortune.REFERENCESMaalouf, A. (1988). Leo Africanus. Chicago New capital of The Netherlands Books.Maalouf Leo AfricanusAmin Maaloufs novel Leo Africanus is a novel based on an actual sixteenth-century Spanish-born Muslim geographer and writer born under the name Hasan al-Wazzan. The author gives the reader clear insights into the conflicts between the Muslim world (whose influence in Europe was then waning) and that of Christianity (which reasserted control over his native Spain and to which he became a somewhat unwilling servant).The theme of the title characters life is conflict and misfortune, which seem to plague him from early puerility. Born in 1488 to a rich Muslim family in Granada, Spain, he witnesses as a weeny child the Catholic victory over the ruling but washy Muslim elites, followed by a wave of vengeance and intolerance against not only Muslims but also the Jews, who have also lived peacefully in Spain with Christians for centuries. Hasan (the name he uses throughout his life, except when in service to the Pope) demonstrates some of this by mentioning how members of the different religions interact and how some cultural exchange occurs.For example, when discussing dates, he frequently refers to Christian and Muslim holidays in tandem, showing their mutual espousal It all happened on the ninth day of the holy month of Ramadan, or, earlier . . . on St. Johns Day, the twenty-fourth of June, since Mihrajan was celebrated not in accordance with the Muslim year but following the Christian calendar (Maalouf, 1989, p. 63).Here, Maalouf makes clear that Islam was then the much more tolerant religion, accepting aspects of Judaism and Christianity that the Catholic Church refused to allow. Because Christianity and Islam were fighting for territory, intolerance was an instrument of control and oppression, and the victorious Spaniards had to qualms nearly driving out or murdering Jews and Muslims who refused to accept forced conversions to Christianity.His family, deprived of its wealth, flees for the trades union African city of Fez, where they live as refugees under the care of his benevolent uncle, who provides for his education. As he comes of age, he shows a remarkable ability to esteem and understand the peoples and places he encounters a gift he sharpens when, as a teenager, he accompanies his rich, well-connected uncle on a diplomatic excursion to Timbuktu.For example, he writes of Sijilmassa, a once-thriving city on the road to Timbuktu Of its walls, once so high, only a few sec tions remain, half-ruined, and covered with grass and moss. Of its population, there remain only various hostile clans . . . who seem merciless toward each other and deserve their fate (Maalouf, 1989, p. 157). Though he is not intolerant of peoples different from himself, he also does not shy from passing judgments on unfortunate or blighted places, though his own life is full of misfortunes he accepts fates fickle nature, which perhaps sustains him through his difficulties.Hasans adult life is generally unstable and rife with misfortune, which seems to be the norm in a world where flyspeck other than hard luck is guaranteed. After his uncle dies, he returns to Fez to work in a hospice for the sick and insane, marries a preferably plain cousin (despite his long relationship with Hiba, a slave mistress), later becomes a prosperous merchant, and seems to live a somewhat conventional life. However, he is not destined to enjoy a stable, uneventful life.When he starts his avocation ca reer, his mother makes a prediction that seems to foreshadow the direction of his life many an(prenominal) men discover the whole world while seeking only to make their fortune. But as for you, my son, you will stumble on your apprize as you seek to discover the world (Maalouf, 1989, p. 187). Indeed, fate so strengthened a presence in the novel that it almost seems like a character intervenes and his life is again turbulent. When he becomes embroiled in his childhood friend (and brother-in- right) Haruns plot to avenge his sister Mariams confinement to a leper colony, the authorities expel Hasan from Fez and thieves on the road rob him of his fortune. In addition, he is forced to sacrifice his mistress, Hiba, in order to find oneself some of his riches.However, his destiny is to discover the world, which indeed is why modern readers even know of his existence. Always astute and insightful, Hasan compiles his observations during his many travels, forming the basis for his lasti ng celebrity as an early geographer and expert on sub-Saharan Africa. He travels throughout the continents northern and central regions and, when speaking of other writers ignorance of Africa, states, I myself, who am only the last of the travellers, know the names of sixty black kingdoms . . . from the Niger to the Nile. Some have never appeared in any book, but I would not be telling the truth if I would claim to have discovered them myself, since I only followed the ordinary route of the caravans (Maalouf, 1989, p. 216).He go bads to capital of Egypt (then under Ottoman Turkish rule) to restart his often- lop offed life, commenting that I was suddenly certain that after the tempest which had destroyed my fortune a new life was awaiting me in this land of Egypt, a life of passion, danger and honour (Maalouf, 1989, p. 218). Here, he again finds himself on the wrong side of destiny when he marries into the Turkish sultans family and supports them in their political maneuverings, i n the vain hope that they will retake Granada in the name of Islam.He dreams his entire life of his birthplace and the words of a visiting delegation from the sultan entertain the nave faith that he can return A majuscule Muslim empire is in the process of coming to life in the East, and we in the West should stretch out our hand to it. Until now, we have been subjected to the law of the unbelievers (Maalouf, 1989, p. 257). However, this scheme also goes awry and he is enslaved by Italian pirates, who give him to Pope Leo X.This phase of Hasans life is a fantastic twist of fate, in which apparent tragedy turns into great luck. The pontiff, seeing that the learned, advanced(a) Hasan is no ordinary captive, employs him as a tutor of Arabic and requires him to learn Latin, Turkish, and lessons in the Christian faith. Hasan deems this a refined form of forced agitate . . . and proof of the Popes own enthusiastic interest in me (Maalouf, 1989, p. 294).The end result of this gentle c aptivity is Description of Africa, a book describing his many travels in a continent with which Europeans were still largely unfamiliar. He wins his freedom but again finds himself on the wrong side of a larger political conflict (this time within the Catholic Church), so he escapes Rome for Tunisia, where he can openly practice Islam again. In closing, he advises the reader to be himself in the face of adversity, saying, Wherever you are, some will want to ask questions about your skin or your prayers. Beware of angelic their instincts . . . beware of bending before the multitude (Maalouf, 1989, p. 360). Though he has kept his Muslim faith inwardly intact, his ability to adapt and go with the feed in preserves him.Without dwelling on the point, Maalouf makes clear to the reader that in this unstable, uncertain medieval world, Fate plays an exceptionally strong role in everyday life. Indeed, Hasan witnesses plenty of calamity in his life his birthplace is seized and made restri ctive by Spanish Catholics he and his family see their wealth rise and vanish repeatedly he marries twice and loses both wives (the first dies young, while the guerilla abandons him after his enslavement) and he is forced to seek his fortunes elsewhere several times in his life.He accepts the fact that he is meant to live on the move and takes little for granted, seemingly aware that his fortunes can be reversed at any time (and frequently are). However, he never becomes embittered he accepts his fate but laments, Such is the judgment of the Most High (Maalouf, 1989, p. 214). His faith does not waver throughout the story, and even when Christians abduct him and force his conversion to Catholicism, he follows but keeps his innermost religious beliefs to himself. He excels as a chamaeleon and thus survives.His second wife comments on his tendency to travel and disrupt his own life, asking, What substance are you made of that you accept the loss of one town after another, one homelan d after another, one adult female after another, without ever fighting, without ever regretting, without ever looking back? (Maalouf, 1989, p. 261). He responds by telling her that life is only a crossing.I go nowhere, I desire nothing I cling to nothing, I have faith in my passion for living, in my instinct to search for happiness, as well as in Providence (Maalouf, 1989, p. 261). Indeed, in this exchange, Maalouf presents the reader with the effect of Hasans character. He is well aware of lifes brevity and thus is passionate only about his religion though he seeks wealth and happiness, he wastes little time mourning the loss of either and looks ahead to the final Place where no man is a oddish before the face of the Creator (Maalouf, 1989, p. 360).Leo Africanus is more than simply a fictionalized memoir. It is a classic fish-out-of-water story, illustrating how this educated, well-connected Muslim merchant, traveler, and scholar finds reverses and radical changes in his life at several turns but adapts to each. In addition, it demonstrates how people of that era were very much at Fates mercy little could be taken for granted in such unstable times, but the narrator never loses faith in the Most High, the God to whom he turns for sustenance.In somewhat formal prose that one suspects was the norm for educated people of that era, Maalouf does not impose a modern viewpoint but offers a fair, compassionate, historically-aware portrayal of both Muslim society and one of the more crotchety figures within it. The story of Hasan al-Wazzan is, more than anything else, the tale of an accomplished scholar and a consummate survivor who never forgot who he was, the culture that produced him, or the theology that showed him mercy amidst the worlds turbulence.REFERENCESMaalouf, A. (1989). Leo Africanus. Chicago New Amsterdam Books.

Hinduism Architecture

Hindiism Architecture Hindiism is a predominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. It begins evidently by differentiating surrounded by consequence and spirit and the theology of the religion is establish upon three main truths, immortal, Matter and Soul (Richard Blurter, 1992). It is excessively a sum of intellectual and philosophical points of view, rather than inelastic common sets of beliefs. Hinduism believes in the very self which is c bothed the ATM is distinct from the temporary body made of matter or Portrait ( Richard Blurter, 1992).Hinduism dates back to the early Harpoon period (5500-BECAME) and its disembodied spirit and practices during the pre-classical era be cognise as the Historical Vivid religion. many an different(prenominal) Hindu ideas and thoughts are greatly reflected in the Hindu architecture. Hindu architecture bear witness to the strong spirituality of India. Hindu architecture is known as Vast Shasta. In Sanskrit the word vast meaner a ed ifice or structure and so the looking at vast Shasta is the science of structure (Raja Kumar 2003).Hindu Architecture addresses two kinds of buildings, religious structures including tabernacles and shut ins and non-religious structures including civic buildings and residential homes (Raja Kumar, 2003). It is believed that astrology plays an significant recrudesce in Hinduism theology and also Hinduism architecture and follows three principles. The commencement ceremony is the idea that the world is the body of God. A sacred structure much(prenominal) as a synagogue is designed to be not merely the home of God, but the actual body of God. The second principle concerns the human relationship between the macrocosm and the microcosm where the temple is compared to the large universe.The third principle teaches that the part always contains inwardly itself he whole. The design of a building should queue with the universe so that we control the forces of the universe within t hat building (Villainies, 2009). The Hindu temples are designed to represent a cosmic mountain that serves as the earthly residence of the cosmic deities. Hindu traditions tell us that thither are forces, some subtle and others not so subtle, some dictatorial and some veto, around us at all times and it is in our interest to take full advantage of these positive forces and avoid the negative forces (Villainies, 2009).The architecture of the temples represents he faiths complex cosmology, with sanctuary protects accommodating statues, sacred emblems and myths of Hindu pantheon. In Hinduism the temple is a central element in all aspects of everyday life. It is significant not only for religious activities but also for elements of culture, society and education. The temples do not contain large internal spaces, they are tabernacles preceded by dormitorys used for rituals, and music and dance since the architecture of the temples are the expression of faith (Raja Kumar, 2003).The Hi ndu temple is considered the centre of intellectual, artistic, virtual, educational and social elements of periodic life. Furthermore, the temple is a place where God may be approached and where manufacturer knowledge can be discovered therefore, the temple is designed to melt the boundaries between man and the divine. Hindu architecture combines harmony and symmetry with a high degree of outer adornment. Elements are designed to have decline proportions and exert a positive influence on their surroundings.The reason what makes the architecture so beautiful is the small details that harmonize and mix with the spacious architecture. The architectural plans are based on wants which is the diagrams of the universe. It is a circle within a square, within a rectangle, with quaternity gates to represent the four directions of the universe. At the center of the temple is the sanctuary, where an image or symbol of the temple deity is kept. Many temples sit on top of a cruciform platfo rm, with a tall spire called sierras ( Richard Blurter, 1992).They are usually set on platforms, with stairways connecting different levels. Large temples sometimes have separate buildings for meditation halls, offices and other purposes, and elaborate porches. Hindu temples typically consist of a prayer hall called a mandate and a sanctuary or central shrine called a agoraphobia (Richard Blurter, 1992). The sanctuary contains an icon of the Hindu deity. The focus of a temple is the inner sanctum, which sits on elevated platform below the central tower. It is the close to sacred part of the temple and symbolizes a womb.Most temples have an outer wall with gates or asparagus that represents the four directions of the universe and are considered thresholds between the universe and the outer world. The gates are usually protected by sculpted warriors and sometimes river goddesses (Richard Blurter, 1992). The main gate is on the auspicious atomic number 99 side. The west is considered inauspicious and associated with death. The north is linked with elephants, which are valued because of their strength. The due south is considered neutral. Non-religious architecture always begins by laying the cosmic body of God or Pursues over every building site or Mandela.The cosmic body is positioned in relation to the site. The head of God lies in the atomic number 10 corner because it is lived that sun equals light which equals knowledge and that Fourth more equals consciousness and ultimately spiritual enlightenment (Villainies, 2009). The east is the source of light and the northeasterly point is the most important because it is the point of minimization of light. The south-west corner, which is the lead opposite of the north-east corner is not considered an auspicious place and so when arranging a home one should avoid placing the meditation, kitchen or offices in this place.