African Society

This check seek to highlight why about spate in the cutting accept felt that intoxi screwt curtailled fashion. This pillow object lesson news report summary several(prenominal)one unit ( e.g a person, group, or event) stressing developmental factors in comparison to the exact. The lawsuit admit is common in complaisant sciences and life sciences. strip studies may be descriptive or explanatory. The later type is utilize to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. They by chance prospective, in which criteria ar established and cases fitting the criteria are included as they frame available, or retrospective, in which criteria are established for selecting cases from historical records for including in the require.It in addition highlight how a spirit in ancestors related to bearing (e.g overlooking genetic directives, there by getting cursed and how some one blamed the bearing of some stack on the name they were given from birth. Th e assertion that the persons behavior after which a child was named ascertain the behavior of the person who bore the name afterwards. And the extent theory of character/reflection in the case study.Further oftentimes than, this case study analyze the severity that behavior is a matter of impost (e.g up set about of children by parents.DEFINATIONAccording to Thomas (2011) case studies are analyses of persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or an other(prenominal) systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the root word of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that exits an analytic frame- an object- within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicatesSilver macrocosm (2005) reveals that, rather than using samples succeeding(a) a rigid protocol (strict set of rules) to examine limited number of valuables, case study methods involve an in- depth, longitudinal ( over a long period of time) tryout of a single instance or event a case. They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reportage the results. As a result the exploreer may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what dexterity become important to look at more extensively in rising research. Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing hypothesis.According to Lamneck (2005) a nonher tinge is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real- life context. Case study research direction single and multiple case studies, understructureister include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence and benefits from the prior development of divinatory propositions. Case studies should non be confused with qualitative research and they en buildle be based on any mix of quantitative and quali tative evidence. Single- subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from qualitative case- study data. This also supported and healthy formulated in (Lamneck, 2005) the case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data fetching techniques and methodological paradigms.The case study is sometimes mistaken for the case method, solely the two are not the analogous.Generalizing From case studiesKyekye (1996) state of matters that, a critical case can be defined as having strategic importance in relation to the general caper (e.g like in Mwense district research where some state in the case study felt that alcoholic beverage deemled behavior)A critical case allows the following type of generalization, if it is binding for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases. In its negative form, the generalization would be, if it is not valid in this case, then it is not valid for any (or only few) cases.( Lamnek, 2005).According to Karl p opper, the case study is also effective for generalizing using the type of test called falsification, which forms factor of critical reflexivity. Falsification is one of the closely rigorous tests to which a scientific proposition can be subjected if just one observation does not fit with the proposition it is considered not valid generally and must then be either revised or rejected. Popper him ego used the now famous example, All swans are gabardine, and proposed that just one observation of a single black swan would falsify this proposition and this way suck up general significance and stimulate further investigations and theory- building. The case study is well suited for identifying black swans because of its in- depth approach what appear to be white often turns on closer examination to be black By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow generalization (Flyrbjerg, 2006, P. 225-6).Misunderstandings about case study searchAc cording to Flyrbjerg (2006) identifies and corrects five prevalent misunderstanding about case study research General, theoretical Knowledge is more valuable than concrete, practical knowledge. mavin cannot generalize on the fanny of an individual case and, therefore, the case study cannot contribute to scientific development. The case study is around useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building. The case study contains a bias towards verification, i.e, a tendency to comfirm the researchers preconceived imaginations. It is often uncontrollable to summarize and develop general propositions and theories on the solid ground of specific case studies.(Osei, 1971).According to a research which was conducted in Mwense district some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior and to issue value to the case study In the first stage of alcoholism, insobriety was no longer well-disposed but beca me a means of steamy escape from problems, inhibitions, anxiety, and in many instances, from realities of life. Stated in another way, primaeval in the disease problem imbibitioners starts to depend on the mood holdfast capabilities of alcohol consumption. Also at this stage of alcoholism, a gradual add in valuation account develops, meaning that increasing amounts of alcohol are needed in order for the problem make merryer to feel the buzz or to get high.(Flyvbjerg, 2006).Furthermore, it is common for people with a drinking problem in the first stage of alcoholism to quickly drink a few intoxicant beverage before attending social functions and to plus social drinking to 3 to 5 drinks per day. Obviously, it can be determined that such behavior will eventually result in a host of drinking problems. In the second stage of alcoholism, the need to drink becomes more intense. During this stage of the disease, the individual with the drinking problem ofttimes starts to drink ea rlier in the day.(Lamnek, 2005)As tolerance increases, moreover, the person drinks because of dependence on alcohol, rather than because of emotional and psychological stress and anxiety relief. During this stage, loss of control does not yet happen on a regular basis it is however, gradually observed by others such as neighbors, co- workers, relatives, friends, and family members. In the trey stage of alcoholism, the loss of control becomes more pronounced and more problematic. This means that the problem drinker is usually unable to drink according to his or her intentions. for example, once the person takes the first drink, he or she can no longer control what will happen, even though the intention might throw been to soak up one or two drinks. During this stage of the disease, most problem drinkers start to experience serious alcohol- related, financial, employment, legal, and relation broadcast problems.(Robert, 1970). The fourth and final exam stage of alcoholism is charact erized by a chronic loss of control. In the earlier stages of the disease, the alcoholic may dupe been successful in maintaining a job. Now, however, drinking starts earlier in the day and usually continues through and throughout the day. Few, if any, full- time work positions, however, can be maintained once an individual has reached this state of affairs.(Thomas,2011).Classic Alcoholic BehaviorThe term alcoholism means the said(prenominal) thing as alcohol dependence, alcohol addiction, and alcohol dependence.Hence, some people in the case study felt that alcohol controlled behavior in Mwense district because of the information articulated above, it is clear that the four stages of classic alcoholic behavior do not point a pretty conceive of of the sad realities and the drinking problems that most chronic alcoholics experience in Mwanse district. In fact, it is clear that as the disease progresses, so do the drinking problems that are experienced by the alcoholic. Perhaps the d amaging and unhealthy consequences of this disease might not make much of an impact on those who are already alcohol dependant. It is hoped, however, that exposing the facts about this disease to our youth before they start abusing alcohol will prevent many of the teens from suffering the grim show of most alcoholics.Belief In Ancestors Relates To BehaviorA belief is a percentage point of certainty we have that something is true. Our core beliefs are often based on the beliefs of other people we unconsciously accepted as true when we were besides young to decide if the persons belief really served us.(Osei, 1971).Hence, ancestral belief refers to a generalized belief about the amount of control people have over their own lives. Individuals who feel that they are very much in charge of their won destiny have an internal locale of control those who think that events in their life are due mainly to fate/luck or powerful others have an external locus of control. locale of control i s a generalized belief, so people with an external locus can feel in control in familiar situations. (Steven L. Mcshane et al. 2005).Moreover, from the research, we have suggested that perception of people and events is organized into categories. How this is done depends partially on sensation, partly on the principles of perception, and partly on the nature of the individual. Another fact of the individual is the set of attitudes that he/she holds.Attitudes are, essentially, feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception.However, to try to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and theorys such as feelings and beliefs Fishbein (1967) put forward the following hierarchical modelBeliefsWhat we think about people, things, relationship e.t.cAttitudesAffective responses to those people, things, relationships e.t.cInten tionscognitive statesBehavior or ActionObservable eventsThe Theory of Nature/Reflected In The Case StudyThe extent theory of nature/reflection in the case study refers to the character. Personality defined as the rule of comparatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks and behaves.Fincham R. describes personality as the relatively enduring combination of qualitys which makes an individual unique and at the same time produces consistencies in his or her thought and behavior. A similar exposition Rollision Derk defines personality as, those relatively stable and enduring aspects of an individual that distinguish him/her from other people and at the same time form a basis for our predictors concerning his/her succeeding(a) behavior.(Rollison D., 1998). A complementary definition, Robbins Stephen defines personality as the sum essential of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. It is a relatively stable pattern of behaviors and consistent internal states that explain a persons behavioral tendencies.Hence, we say that personality explains behavioral tendencies because individuals actions are not perfectly consistent with their personality profile in every situation. Personality traits are less evident in situations where social norms, reward systems and other conditions contrain behavior.Traits may be defined as individual characteristics of thought or feeling that result in tendencies to have in specific ways. Also traits may be defined as enduring characteristics that describe an individuals behavior. The more consistent the characteristic and the more frequently important that trait is in describing an individual. Traits can additionally be class to form personality types. Traits may be grouped into groups namely go forth traits and source traits. Surface traits for example assertiveness, can be observed in behavior while, source traits such as self- discipline can be inferred.(Rollinson, D. et ,1998).Behavior And Tradit ionAccording to Robert (1970) refer human behavior as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are influenced by elaboration, attitudes, emotions, determine, ethies, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, irresistible impulse and/or genetics.Hence, the behavior of people (and other organisms or even mechanisms) move within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some outside acceptable limits. In sociology, behavior in general is considered as having no meaning, being not direct at other people, and thus is the most basic human action. Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is the more advanced action, as social behavior is behavior specifically directed at other people. The acceptability of behavior is evaluated relative to social norms and regulate by various means of social control.In addition, the behavior of people is studied by the academic disciplines of psychiatry, psychological s cience, social work, sociology, economics, and anthropology.Factors affecting human behavior and actionsMcshane et al (2005) states five factors as below* Genetics (see also evolutionary psychology) affects and governs the individuals tendencies towards certain directions.* Attitude the degree to which the person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior in question.* Social norms the influence of social pressure that is perceived by the individual (normative beliefs) to perform or not perform a certain behavior.* Perceived behavioral control the individuals belief concerning how easy or difficult performing the behavior will be.* hollow faith the persons set of beliefs, like religion, philosophy, e.t.c provided sometimes subconsciously, by his or her family, peers, social media, and the society where he or she lives. Social FactorsFactors that influence behavior or personality that arise from interacting with other people early socialization, which consists in interaction with parents, siblings and peers has an effect on the way we act and think. The behaviorist school of psychology which views all human as environmentally determined refer to personality as just accumulated learning experiences (skinner, 1974). Much of personality comes through learning and so childhood experiences are prevalent to the unfolding of personality. heathenish FactorsAccording to Kyekye (1996) a wider social beliefs, value and motives that are absorbed by an individual and guide behavior towards that which is acceptable within a finicky social context when high value is placed on attainment and individualism in a certain society, we will find that this may affect individual personality in instilling a trait of the need to achieve.(Shutte, 1993). Situational FactorsAccording to Osei (1971) this refers to the effect of a specific experience or situation on a persons feelings and behavior. And individuals personality, while generally stable and consistent, does transport in different situations call forth different aspects of ones personality. Situations like church, tradition, a picnic in a picnic in a place do affect behavior differently. Examples here may be hurt of losing a parent or loved one. Certain situation can bring out unrecognized aspects of personality we have never been aware(predicate) of. Personality development is an ongoing process, but to some degree personalities can be deemed as stable.(Senghor, 1963).According to Gyekye (1998), regard concepts of the individual and self to be almost totally dependant on and subordinate to social entities and pagan process. Kenya theology professor John S. Miti (1969 and 1992), for example, believes that individual has little latitude for self determination outside the context of the traditional African family and alliance. He writes whatever happens to the individual happens to the whole group, and whatever happens to the whole group happens to the individual. The individua l can only say I am, because we are and since we are, therefore I am. This is a cardinal point in the understanding of the African view of man (1969 109).Furthermore, Ghanaian philosopher Gyekye (1998), the individual, although originating from and inextricably bound to his family and community, nevertheless possesses a clear concept of himself as a distinct person of volition. It is from this combined sense of personhood and communal membership that the family and community except individuals to take personality enhancing and socially answerable decisions. Although he accepts the dominant entity of African social order is the community, Gyekye believes it would be more correct to describe that order as amphibious, for it manifests features of both community and individuality. African social thought seeks to avoid the excesses of the two exaggerated systems, while allowing for a meaningful albeit uneasy, interaction between the individual and the society (198831-32)According to sen egales philosopher Leopold senghor (1966) regards tradition African society to be based both on the community and on the person in which, because it was founded on dialogue and reciprocity, the group had antecedency over the individual without crushing him, but allowing to blossom as a person (19665).According to South African philosophy professor Shutte (1993), citing the Xhosa byword umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu (a person is a person through persons), writesThis (proverb) is the xhosa expression of a notion that is common all African languages and traditional cultures. It is concerned both with the amusing interdependence of persons on others for the exercise, development and fulfillment of their powers that is recognized in African traditional thought, and also with the understanding of what it is to be a person that underlies this. In European philosophy of whatever kind, the self is always envisaged as something inside a person, or at least as a kind of container of mental prope rties and powers. In African thought it is seen as outside subsisting in relationship to what is other, the natural and social environment.According to Ghananian historian Osei (1971) believes that Africa should chart its future from its indigenous cultural traditions and adopt only those aspects of no- Africa cultures that are compatible with Africas needs, goals and heap namely, a scientific perspective and western educational practices.Taking a broader perspective, Thairu (1975) argues for a future of greater regional integration through educational and cultural exchanges within and between African nations. This, he says, will bring into the open pan- Africa cultural similarities, promote more widespread understanding and tolerance on the continent, and contribute to greater overall African unit philosopher Gyekye (1998) shares much of Nyasani, Makgoba and Thairu concern over Africans too often for saking Indigenous African values and their wholesale and uncritical adoption.Acco rding to Gyekye (1996) abhors the fact that ancestors continue to be of paramount importance in modern and traditional African life. He also recommends that for Africa to progress scientifically and technologically, science should be rescued from the morass of (traditional) African religious and mystical beliefs. Gyekye insists there are main cultural values and practices of traditional Africa that can be considered positive features of the culture and can be accommodated in the scheme of African modernity, even if they undergo some finish and pruning to become fully harmonious with the spirit of modern culture and to function.. satisfactorily within that culture (ibid). he discusses these traditional African values at length under the humanity, brotherhood, communalism and individualism, morality, the family economic system, chief ship and politics, human rights, knowledge and wisdom, aesthetics.CONCLUSIONIt is clear from the foregoing study that behavior is affected by numerous f actors as discussed in this paper. Among the factors are ancestral directives, alcohol, belief, culture, emotions values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion, coercion, genetics, attitudes, situational e.t.c.