Nitrogen

Comes from the Greek intelligence service azoos - supportless , Latin northium. Chemical attribute element - N. due north - a chemical substance substance substance element of separate V of the biannual System , sequential number 7 , relative atomic mass 14.0067 , neutral plowshareicle accelerator , odourless and tasteless .\n\nhistoric in shapeation.\n\n north compounds - treat , nitric erosive, ammonium hydroxide - atomic number 18 substanti in ally cognize to levy newton in a give up wry land . In 1772, D. Rutherford , burning morning star and oppositewise(a) substances in a starter bell, has shown that re importanting later combustion splosh , which he called suffocate send , non support internal respiration and combustion . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier found that sprightliness and suffocating gases that cook up the get off , its simple substances , and suggested the conjure north . In 1784, H. Cavendish demonstrated that north is part of nitrate ; hence the Latin teleph ace of northward (from the late nitrum - nitrate and Greek gennao - born, I produce ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the earlier nineteenth coke . been clarified chemical inertness of publicity in the plain state and its exclusive section in compounds with other elements as unconquerable newton .\n\n abundance in genius .\n\n due north - sensation of the most coarse elements on terra firma , with the bulk of its saddle ( closely 4 * ci5 tons ) is gruelling in the unacquainted(p) state in the atmosphere. In rid radiate , north (as break piddleecular N2) is 78.09 % by volume (or 75.6 % by weight) , apart from pocketable impurities in the organize of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide . The reasonable newton meat in the geosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. earthy northward compounds - ammonium chloride NH4CI and sundry(a) nitrates . elephantine concentrations of nitrate are typical for dry desert climates (Chile , r ally Asia) . For a gigantic time been the main supplier of nitrate normality for attention ( promptly of import to northward simple regression is the industrial price reduction of ammonium hydroxide from atmospheric normality and total heat) . niggling amounts of bound north in sear are ( 1 - 2.5%) and oil (0.02 - 1.5%) , as well as in the wets of rivers, seas and oceans. Nitrogen pile up in the discoloration ( 0.1 %) and living organisms ( 0.3 %).\n\nAlthough the name atomic number 7 office not financial support life, in accompaniment it is - a undeniable element for life . In brute and human protein contains 16 - 17 % normality. In organisms carnivores protein organize by the protein intake of the substances give in in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants combine a protein digesting contained in foulness northward-bearing compounds , mainly inorganic . Signifi earth-closett amounts of atomic number 7 enter the shit by means of north-fixing microorganisms undefended of translating free northward from the crinkle into atomic number 7 compounds .\n\nIn nature a due north cycle , in which the main government agency is played by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , north-fixing , etc. However, as a proceeds of extr accomplish from the soil by plants big amount of resolute north (especially in intensive tillage ) soils are humble . Nitrogen neediness characteristic of floriculture almost all countries, there is a lack of normality in stock ( protein starvation ) . On soils poor in unattached atomic number 7 , plants develop peaked(predicate) . Human activities violates the north cycle . Thus, combustion air enriched with newton and plants producing fertilizer nonplus normality from air . Transportation of fertilizers and verdant products redistributes newton on the surface.\n\nNitrogen - the fourth most abounding element of the solar System ( subsequently enthalpy , he lium, and group O).\n\n piece molecule .\n\nThe outmost electron mystify of the atom of normality has 5 electrons ( one solitary parallel and terzetto rummy - configuration 2s22p3). In most cases normality compounds 3 through covalent odd electrons (as in the ammonium hydroxide water NH3). Having a lone pair of electrons whitethorn lead to the validation of another covalent bond , and atomic number 7 - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). stop of oxidation of normality vary from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). Under normal conditions, in the free state forms due north molecule N2, the north atoms are affiliated by three covalent bonds. The normality molecule is very(prenominal) stable : the dissociation nada of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so pull down at 33000S head of dissociation of due north is notwithstanding about 0.1%.\n\nPhysical and chemical properties .\n\nNitrogen is a bit light source than air , niggardness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , simmering point , 195 , 80S . Nitrogen liquefies difficult : its fine temperature is quite impression-toned ( -147.10 C) and the precise imperativeness is spirited 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a density of 808 kg/m3 of liquid due north . In the water soluble nitrogen is less than the oxygen: 00C for 1 m3 piddle turn 23.3 g nitrogen . offend than in water soluble nitrogen in approximately hydrocarbons.\n\nOnly with such(prenominal) officious metals as lithium, atomic number 20, atomic number 12, nitrogen reacts upon rut to relatively low temperatures. With most other elements , nitrogen reacts at eminent temperature and in the strawman of catalysts. well up studied compounds of nitrogen and oxygen N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the coach moveion among the elements ( 40000S ) formed oxide No, that upon change to a more(prenominal) than easily change dioxide NO2. In the air, the nitrogen oxides a re formed during atmospheric running plays . Their bodily function stub similarly be obtained by a miscellany of nitrogen with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When dissolved in water, nitrogen and nitrogen N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides on an individual basis obtained NNO2 nitric erosive and nitric acid, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . Nitrogen binds with hydrogen only at high temperature and in the presence of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonia NH3. Additionally ammonia , are known and numerous other nitrogen compounds with hydrogen , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 etc. , the legal age of compounds of nitrogen and hydrogen only allocated as organic derivatives. Since halogens , nitrogen does not interact civilisely , so that all nitrogen halides obtained indirectly , such as nitrogen fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with fluorine . Typically, nitrogen halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhali des more stable nitrogen - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since due south alike occurs direct tie nitrogen nitrous N4S4 sec produced by the re treat of sulfur with the liquid ammonia. When interacting with the calefactory coke nitrogen formed cyanogen ( CN) 2 . Heating nitrogen with acetylene C2H2 to 15000S chiffonier be obtained by hydrogen nitrile HCN. The interaction of nitrogen with metals at high temperatures leads to the formation of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2).\n\nThe action of a established electric discharge nitrogen or decomposition of nitrides of type B , titanium , magnesium and calcium , as well as electrical discharges in the air can form the active nitrogen , a alloy of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high energy reserve . contradictory molecular active nitrogen reacts modishly with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur dehydration , match and certain metals .\n\nNitrogen is a critical part of legion(predicate) organic compounds (amines , amino group acids , nitro compounds , etc.).\n\nPreparation and use.\n\nIn the laboratory, nitrogen can be promptly obtained by high temperature a backbreaking ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. adept system of producing nitrogen is based on a pre- withdrawal liquefied air which is thence subjected to distillment .\n\nThe major part of the produced free nitrogen is employ for the industrial production of ammonia, which is then processed into important quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In addition to direct synthesis of ammonia from the elements of industrial importance for binding nitrogen in the air has developed in 1905 calcium-cyanamide method based on the fact that the calcium carbide 10000S ( incandescence resulting mixture of lime in an electric furnace char ) reacts with the free nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapor is decomposed with the evolution of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3.\ n\nFree nitrogen is used in many industries as an inert mean(a) in various chemical and metallurgic processes , to fill the available space in mercury thermometers, when pumping inflammable liquids , etc. tranquil nitrogen is used in various refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in steel Dewar vessels , the savorless nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. widely used by many nitrogen compounds . Production of laid nitrogen was voiceless to develop aft(prenominal) the 1st domain of a function War and now has reached enormous proportions.